Bitter Honey
19 January 2017
Lirik Reza Artamevia Feat Masaki Ueda - Forever Peace (Japanese Version)
(intro)
i say you are the one
ce kai chu hu de
kimi wahito reda kira kara
kanashi huwa sana kani makeja rame nayo
maafkan nayo nawa
moo ichihito yumeno shuzuki wo geka sete
haceuko naru ngana tamo khanji tai kaba
mo shi hana ghete itemo o uwo iwa iki hito
kimino moto ni todo mu
wa ke moo na ho
uta ri da ke te
so ucare ha ge ta no hino dodokano
omoyi dashi kino kahu
ya sha shisa ka
kokoro nimo dorukara o honto nayo
(music)
kiitsu moyo nawa
anata shi ka
mi ita ipono wong-nga
koakoto
nabeyo lipo wata shina
shi ite iru kayana
yume ka itsu kakana wo
nohoki katu duhu wame
kimiwo mammo ri tayi da
yona to ki wo
yoka ni ite mo
anata ni ayiwo
tanabe tayi
ya sashi iniwo shi ka ke
kiru suhino
mama dewo wa ru ka dasukee tayi
(music)
namae huyu peba i yi
shu uki yuku kana
yume ka itsu kakana o
nohoki katu duhu wane
kimiwo kaba yi tahi ta
age rareru naya ka remi mo
maketa i yo chiwo
okukikayi na kida shita shito hiwa
omme nowo de kana hite na ke na
itsiwake ba hi
wake monako dari dake de
saoja te ate...
¶ 5:28 PM 0 Comments
i say you are the one
ce kai chu hu de
kimi wahito reda kira kara
kanashi huwa sana kani makeja rame nayo
maafkan nayo nawa
moo ichihito yumeno shuzuki wo geka sete
haceuko naru ngana tamo khanji tai kaba
mo shi hana ghete itemo o uwo iwa iki hito
kimino moto ni todo mu
wa ke moo na ho
uta ri da ke te
so ucare ha ge ta no hino dodokano
omoyi dashi kino kahu
ya sha shisa ka
kokoro nimo dorukara o honto nayo
(music)
kiitsu moyo nawa
anata shi ka
mi ita ipono wong-nga
koakoto
nabeyo lipo wata shina
shi ite iru kayana
yume ka itsu kakana wo
nohoki katu duhu wame
kimiwo mammo ri tayi da
yona to ki wo
yoka ni ite mo
anata ni ayiwo
tanabe tayi
ya sashi iniwo shi ka ke
kiru suhino
mama dewo wa ru ka dasukee tayi
(music)
namae huyu peba i yi
shu uki yuku kana
yume ka itsu kakana o
nohoki katu duhu wane
kimiwo kaba yi tahi ta
age rareru naya ka remi mo
maketa i yo chiwo
okukikayi na kida shita shito hiwa
omme nowo de kana hite na ke na
itsiwake ba hi
wake monako dari dake de
saoja te ate...
¶ 5:28 PM 0 Comments
05 September 2016
Long Lasting Battery
what do Viagra, popsicles, Corn Flakes, Ivory soap, the kitchen microwave, and champagne have in common? They were all discovered by accident. Add ultra-long-lasting nanowire batteries to that list, thanks to a team of researchers at the University of California Irvine. The average laptop battery is rated anywhere from 300 to 500 charge cycles – completely full to completely empty to completely full again – longer if you don’t use it all up before recharging. The UCI nanobattery endured 200,000 charge cycles over three months “with 94–96% average Coulombic efficiency.” It was effectively still brand new at the end of the experiment.
Let’s go conservative and say the average laptop battery lasts for 1,000 charge cycles, its capacity noticeably diminished after about two years. If that laptop had UCI's nanobattery it would easily last for 400 years (if 1,000 cycles = two years, 200,000 cycles = 400 years). That’s long enough for that laptop to share a name with, but be far less useful than, an actual brick. If UCI can apply its findings to commercial uses, there’s a revolution coming throughout the electronic landscape.
The advance happened when UCI doctoral candidate Mya Le Thai “was playing around” in the lab and coated a set of gold nanowires in manganese dioxide, then applied a “Plexiglas-like” electrolyte gel. Under normal circumstances, nanowires – highly conductive but thousands of times thinner than a human hair – are useless after no more than 8,000 charge cycles because their fragility causes them to crack during charge and discharge loads. At the end of three months, however, the researchers found the nanowires in Thai’s gel-coated battery still intact. They suspect that the gel “plasticizes the metal oxide in the battery,” imbuing the nanowires with flexibility, which equals longevity. Thai said, "The coated electrode holds its shape much better.” The school published its findings in the American Chemical Society journal Energy Letters.
We’re a long way from an immortal, practical battery, though. In 2007 scientists at Stanford came up with a nanowire configuration that got a nanobattery through 40,000 charge cycles. The lead researcher said at the time that manufacturing needed “one or two different steps, but… it’s a well understood process.” Nine years later we’re still carrying charging bricks and fighting over public USB ports. ¶ 11:05 AM 0 Comments
Let’s go conservative and say the average laptop battery lasts for 1,000 charge cycles, its capacity noticeably diminished after about two years. If that laptop had UCI's nanobattery it would easily last for 400 years (if 1,000 cycles = two years, 200,000 cycles = 400 years). That’s long enough for that laptop to share a name with, but be far less useful than, an actual brick. If UCI can apply its findings to commercial uses, there’s a revolution coming throughout the electronic landscape.
The advance happened when UCI doctoral candidate Mya Le Thai “was playing around” in the lab and coated a set of gold nanowires in manganese dioxide, then applied a “Plexiglas-like” electrolyte gel. Under normal circumstances, nanowires – highly conductive but thousands of times thinner than a human hair – are useless after no more than 8,000 charge cycles because their fragility causes them to crack during charge and discharge loads. At the end of three months, however, the researchers found the nanowires in Thai’s gel-coated battery still intact. They suspect that the gel “plasticizes the metal oxide in the battery,” imbuing the nanowires with flexibility, which equals longevity. Thai said, "The coated electrode holds its shape much better.” The school published its findings in the American Chemical Society journal Energy Letters.
We’re a long way from an immortal, practical battery, though. In 2007 scientists at Stanford came up with a nanowire configuration that got a nanobattery through 40,000 charge cycles. The lead researcher said at the time that manufacturing needed “one or two different steps, but… it’s a well understood process.” Nine years later we’re still carrying charging bricks and fighting over public USB ports. ¶ 11:05 AM 0 Comments
Artikel Listrik
Pembahasan tentang listrik secara umum di blog ini, merupakan ekspresi ketidaktahuan akan listrik yang mengakibatkan banyak kerugian atas kerusakan perangkat elektronik di rumah saat lima tahun pertama saya menempatinya. Dampak dari kerusakan tersebut, berefek pada kerugian atas biaya yang harus dikeluarkan untuk menggantinya serta waktu terbuang yang tidak pernah dapat tergantikan. Sebagai awam dalam kelistrikan, saya hanya memerlukan informasi seperlunya yang berkaitan tentang cara penanganan listrik untuk mengoperasikan perangkat elektronik di rumah tinggal.
Namun, tidaklah mudah untuk mendapatkannya. Mungkin, pada saat itu (sekitar tahun 2001), informasi tentang penanganan listrik secara sederhana, tidak memiliki nilai jual cukup tinggi untuk dipublikasikan. Atau, informasi seperti itu dapat menjadikan pihak yang memiliki kepentingan dalam menangani kelistrikan merasa terganggu kestabilan “priuk nasi”-nya. Cukup bisa dimengerti, tetapi tetap saja kerugian akan berlanjut selama pemahaman atas akar permasalahan yang ada tidak saya pahami.
Memulai pembenahan…
Melakukan pembenahan instalasi kabel terpasang di rumah, merupakan tindakan yang berhubungan dengan kelistrikan secara masif pertama kali yang saya lakukan sendiri tanpa bimbingan ataupun pemahaman yang pasti. Pengerjaannya hanya mengandalkan pada naluri analisa logika programmer yang saya peroleh ketika dulu bekerja sebagai staff IT saja. Rasa was-was dan kekhawatiran akan terjadi hal-hal yang tidak diinginkan (seperti kebakaran), tentu saja ada. Tetapi, pembenahan tetap harus dikerjakan untuk mengetahui kebenaran dari hasil analisa yang telah dibuat.
Ternyata, walau pun instalasi kabel terpasang telah dibenahi, tidak menjamin kondisi listrik di rumah aman digunakan untuk mengoperasikan perangkat elektronik yang ada. Walau pun kerusakan yang ada tidak sebanyak sebelumnya, tetap ada kasus dan kejadian kerusakan pada perangkat elektronik dengan kebutuhan daya listrik lebih baik secara kualitas.
Mencoba stabilizer…
Mengantisipasi terjadi kerusakan perangkat elektronik dengan menggunakan stabilizer berkapasitas <= 1000VA untuk menyempurnakan kualitas daya listrik, telah dicoba dan hasilnya (sangat) tidak memuaskan. Perubahan hanya berlangsung untuk beberapa bulan saja. Sampai pada akhirnya saya nekad untuk menggunakan stabilazer berkapasitas 3000 VA untuk meng-cover instalasi listrik terpasang sebesar 1300 VA. Saya tidak terlalu memedulikan pendapat yang menyatakan tindakan tersebut adalah sia-sia. Dari semua data dan fakta yang ada, mengarahkan saya sampai pada kesimpulan bahwa tindakan tersebut sebagai salah satu kemungkinan yang patut dicoba. Hasilnya, pada penilaian dengan skala 1 s/d 10, adalah 9! Selain meniadakan 90% kerusakan pada perangkat elektronik, juga mengurangi biaya tagihan rekening bulanan PLN pada kisaran 5 – 10% dari total tagihan periode-periode sebelumnya.
Berawal dari keberhasilan yang (dapat saya kategorikan) memuaskan ini, perlahan-lahan pengertian dan pemahaman mengenai listrik yang saya miliki berkembang secara apa adanya. Walau pun hanya sebatas pengetahuan listrik pada ruang lingkup untuk kebutuhan rumah tangga saja, bagi saya sudah lebih dari cukup. Sampai pada akhirnya, semua itu terkumpul dalam beberapa artikel yang dapat anda temukan saat ini di sisi kanan layar monitor komputer anda.
Perlu saya sampaikan bahwa tidak ada dasar pendidikan formal / informal mengenai kelistrikan dalam hidup saya. Dengan kondisi yang demikian, saya mohon maaf dan berharap pada anda (yang memang mengerti / ahli tentang listrik) untuk dapat memaklumi seandainya cara penyampaian dan istilah tentang listrik pada setiap artikel di situs ini kurang sesuai / tepat dengan norma-norma yang berlaku.
Tujuan utama yang hendak dicapai adalah agar pihak-pihak awam tentang listrik yang mengalami masalah seperti saya dahulu, dapat memperoleh informasi yang cukup mudah dimengerti dan dipahami dalam menindaklanjuti arah penyelesaian dari masalah yang sedang dihadapi. Hanya itu, tidak lebih dan tidak kurang.
Sedikit pendapat pribadi…
Saya sarankan bagi anda yang awam tentang listrik dan hendak membenahi sendiri permasalahan yang bersifat masif di rumah, seperti penggantian kabel atau pemasangan saklar lampu, untuk terlebih dulu memastikan posisi MCB meteran dalam keadaan “OFF” (mati)!
Hal terutama dan penting lainnya adalah jangan pernah berpikir untuk mencoba memodifikasi perangkat meteran yang sedianya milik PLN. Masalahnya bukan terletak pada jumlah denda yang harus dibayar jika tertangkap petugas PLN. Saat tindakan modifikasi dilakukan, anda telah memutuskan untuk berhadapan dengan daya listrik berkekuatan “puluhan ribu” Watt yang masuk ke dalam perangkat meteran PLN. Tidak ada toleransi terhadap kesalahan sekecil apa pun dalam menangani listrik yang berkapasitas sebesar itu, baik saat maupun setelah modifikasi dilakukan. Jangan pernah menganggap remeh kekuatan listrik, tanpa pengetahuan yang memadai untuk mengendalikannya.
Semoga bermanfaat!
¶ 9:59 AM 0 Comments
02 October 2013
What’s the best OS for SSDs? Windows 2000
12/11/2008 at 11:52 AM by Brad Linder
Microsoft says that Windows 7 will be designed to run faster on solid state disks than Windows XP or Vista. But the folks at flash memory maker Patriot Media say there’s already an OS that outperforms them both. And no, it’s not some version of Linux or OS X. It’s Windows 2000.
Apparently Windows 2000 runs 5% to 8% faster on solid state disks than the newer operating systems because there are fewer applications running in the background on the older OS. Apparently Windows 98 is even faster, but it also tends to wear out flash memory more quickly because it has a habit of writing over the same portion of the SSD over and over instead of spreading the data out across the memory module.
Many netbooks, including Asus Eee PC, Dell Inspiron Mini 9, and HP Mini 1000 models ship with solid state disks. But none that I’m aware of come with Windows 2000 as an option. Still, if you’re looking for a bit of a performance boost and happen to have an old install disk, now might be a good time to pull it out of the closet. On the other hand, may newer programs won’t run on Windows 2000 and good luck finding all the security updates you need.
According to Patrio Media’s tests, Windows Vista performs better with SSDs than Windows XP; OS X trumps Vista, and Linux is faster than either but still slower than Windows 2000.
http://liliputing.com/2008/12/whats-the-best-os-for-ssds-windows-2000.html
Which operating system is best for solid-state drives?
Most modern-day operating systems play well with the new storage technology
By Lucas Mearian, December 11, 2008 12:00 PM
Computerworld - Solid-state disk (SSD) drive architecture can play a big role in how fast a computer boots up and performs. But how big a role the SSDs play -- and how much faster an operating system is -- depends as much on the operating system as on the drive. Although none of the mainstream operating systems now in use have been optimized to work better with SSDs, some do natively work more efficiently than others, according to storage experts.
Of the recent operating systems that have been tested, would you believe the winner so far is ... Windows 2000?
That aging operating system, said Saeed Arash Far, engineering manager at SSD manufacturer Patriot Memory, is markedly faster than Windows XP, Vista, Mac OS X or Linux when using NAND flash memory. Far said his company's tests showed that Windows 2000 is 5% to 8% faster over its newer rivals because "Windows 2000 doesn't run any applications in the background.
"We're getting ridiculous numbers with Windows 2000," he said. "When it comes to Vista, it is faster than XP, but with XP, you have the luxury of turning off background applications. ... With Vista, you can't."
According to Far, Mac OS X runs "a little faster than Vista" with an SSD drive, but Linux is "always faster" than Vista or Mac OS X -- to the tune of 1% to 2% -- because like Windows 2000, "it never runs anything in the background."
"If you really want to go inside [the OS numbers], Windows 98 was the fastest of all," Far said. But there's a downside: Windows 98 does not support wear-leveling technology, which evenly distributes data writes to NAND flash memory to ensure no single area of an SSD wears out faster than another. Far said his company's SSDs would wear out in only about a year when running Windows 98.
That brings users who may be wondering about the advantages of SSDs back to the Big Three operating systems: Windows Vista and XP and Mac OS X. The claims and counterclaims about SSD technology and operating systems highlight the intricacies of marrying operating systems designed for hard disk drives with the newer technology of SSDs.
Vista slowing SSD adoption?
In July, SanDisk Corp. CEO Eli Harari said during an earnings call that Microsoft Corp.'s Windows Vista worked so poorly with SSDs and, as a result, was actually slowing the adoption of NAND technology. Harari blamed some "very demanding applications" that, in turn, require more sophisticated SSD controller technology to manage how data is transferred to the drive.
But Harari's claim is one that other disk vendors, including rival Micron Technology Inc., have rebutted.
Using an SSD with a SATA interface, Micron has performed tests on Vista; its predecessor, Windows XP; and Mac OS X, capturing data about the newer drives while booting up the operating systems, installing files, running Office productivity applications and shutting down the computer. Micron found that Vista and Mac OS X performed better with its SSDs than XP, according to a post on Micron's blog site. XP does not align the data in the most efficient way for an SSD -- in 4KB blocks -- while Vista and Mac OS X do, according to Justin Sykes, director of marketing for SSD products at Micron. (Linux, which wasn't tested, also aligns data in 4K blocks.)
"NAND [flash memory] fundamentally has native 4K block sizes. Anything that's not aligned to a 4K block creates extra challenges," Sykes said. "There ends up being background operations to garbage-collect that empty space [in larger file blocks] that isn't fully utilized. And, so that activity is chewing up your bandwidth in the background, and it adds extra wear to the NAND [flash memory]."
According to Dean A. Klein, vice president of memory system development at Micron, Apple's platform seems to perform better with SSDs than Windows systems. "It boots better," he said. "Mac OS does things differently."
When Windows-based PCs boot, the BIOS does "quite a few things" while it's waiting for what would normally be a hard disk drive to spin up, Klein said. "With a MacBook, one thing you'll notice is that it boots up very quick. Our belief is that it's savvy enough to know it has an SSD in it, and it's not waiting for the SSD to spin up, and so takes some shortcuts."
Far agreed that Mac OS X is about 1% faster than Vista. But that's not the case when using virtualization applications such as Parallels and VMware's Fusion in Mac OS X 10.5 to run the rival operating system. When running Vista through virtualization at the same time the Mac OS is running, SSD performance is affected.
4KB blocks of data are more efficient
Micron's tests showed that when XP begins writing application-related data, that data is almost never aligned with the beginning of a new NAND page; it begins partway into the page and ends partially through another. "So the controller has to deal with that and come back and clean it up later," Far said. "Vista will start that write on 0 or at 8, for example. So the data structure in Vista is more aligned to 4K blocks."
In NAND flash memory, blocks consists of a number of pages and each page is either 512, 2,048 or 4,096 bytes in size. Therefore, a 4KB block more efficiently fills the memory.
Troy Winslow, marketing manager for the NAND Products Group at Intel Corp., said, "We've even done studies showing 80% of all OS requests are in the 4K-to-16K range, yet many SSDs were designed on older controller technology that was requesting large file-size transactions of 128K in size. All SSDs perform best at the smaller file size."
Winslow said benchmark testing on XP and Vista indicated that the less-efficient XP machines show a 10% improvement in random input/output operations per second using an SSD instead of a hard drive, while Vista showed a 25% improvement under the same conditions.
Pat Wilkison, vice president of marketing and business development at NAND flash memory manufacturer STEC Inc., believes there's no detectable difference in SSDs performance among varying operating systems. "There just has not been any meaningful work done in optimizing for SSD," he said.
Debating defragging
However, one difference between Vista and XP is that Vista, by default, enables background drive defragmentation -- something that isn't necessary with an SSD and can actually wear out the drive more rapidly. While most laptop and PC resellers disable background defragmentation on Vista systems that ship with an SSD, anyone installing or upgrading to Vista may not know they should do that to preserve SSD life, Klein said.
To turn off Vista's auto defragmentation feature, a user would go to the Start menu, then the Control Panel and then choose Control Panel Home. Next select "System and Maintenance" and under the Administrative Tools section, choose "Defragment your hard drive." Vista then allows a user to check or uncheck the Run automatically function.
According to Howard Butler, vice president of technical support at Diskeeper Corp., hard disk drives and SSDs both benefit from defragmentation utilities in operating at peak efficiency. Data may be laid down in contiguous clusters on an SSD, just as with hard disk drives; as it's deleted, space is freed up. But those pockets of free space may be left unused. Defragmentation helps by consolidating data and free space, Butler said.
Joseph Unsworth, an analyst at Gartner Inc., said Vista's SuperFetch feature gives Vista a boost over XP with regard to SSDs because it can preload often-used applications into system memory so they're ready when needed. Vista introduced the concept of low-priority I/O, which enables background processes to run with lower-priority access to the hard drive than other programs.
Unsworth installed Intel's X25 SSD on a PC running Vista and said he was impressed with the boot-up times over the hard disk drive he replaced. While there are now more than 90 SSD vendors, Unsworth said he prefers drives from Intel, Samsung and STEC, which he said offer advanced architectures with multiple channels to NAND flash chips set up in a parallel. For example, Intel has 10 channels on its X25-M SSD. In multichannel NAND architecuters, each parallel channel represents multiple streams of data to multiple NAND chips, yielding greater sustained throughput -- and speed.
When will operating systems be optimized?
Even if operating systems aren't yet optimized for SSDs, they likely will be as the technology gains ground. Last month, at its Windows Hardware Engineering Conference (WinHEC) in Los Angeles, Microsoft promised that its upcoming Windows 7 would work better with SSDs.
Unlike Vista, Windows 7 will turn off disk defragmentation when it detects an SSD instead of a spinning disk drive. Windows 7 will also delete "garbage" data in advance. That would head off garbage collection, which can add latency -- a major factor in the slower write speeds often seen in SSDs.
Microsoft also plans a certification program for SSDs so that the drives properly identify themselves to Windows 7 and prioritize data I/O for the SATA interface.
Regardless of what Microsoft does, Unsworth said he believes that Apple will have the advantage because its OS is closed, meaning Apple can drive its own development initiatives and will likely do so when it comes to SSD optimization.
Apple also plans to launch Mac OS X 10.6, a.k.a. "Snow Leopard," which is expected to trim overhead and optimize it for faster I/O.
"I have to believe they will, and I've told them and recommended to them, wouldn't it be awfully compelling to get boot up with an SSD in under 10 seconds?" Unsworth said. "How easy would that be to convey as a selling point to the consumer?"
Read more about Data Storage in Computerworld's Data Storage Topic Center.
http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9123140/Which_operating_system_is_best_for_solid_state_drives_?pageNumber=1
Boosting SSD Performance With The Right OS
By Bestofmedia Team, David MurphyDECEMBER 19, 2008 9:20 AM
There’s no question that solid-state drives are the talk of the storage town. We’ve seen them enter into the laptop marketplace with a growing vengeance. And even the prices of the bare, plopped-into-your-drive-bays products are reaching tolerable levels. Excellent speeds at optimal pricing – what’s not to like about SSDs?
We should have put an asterisk next to the word “speeds,” because not all SSDs are the same. Nor do they interact in the same way regardless of what operating system you use. According to a recent Computerworld article, a Patriot Memory research project found that SSD performance was best in—you’ll never believe it—Windows 2000. Following that, Windows Vista came in second place at five to eight percent slower and Windows XP trailed a distant third.
So why is this the case? There are few reasons for the dramatic differences. Saeed Arash Far, an engineering manager at Patriot Memory, suggests that the removal of background applications in Windows 2000 catapults it into the performance lead. But in that case, one would expect to see a difference regardless of what hard drive is used in the testing – a lack of running tasks is an operating system issue, not an SSD benefit.
According to SSD manufacturer Micron, comprehensive performance testing between the Vista and XP operating systems revealed that XP doesn’t block the data for maximum SSD performance. Whereas XP will partially fill 4KB NAND pages seemingly at a whim, Vista attempts to reduce partially filled pages in a block as much as possible. This reduces storage inefficiencies and, according to Micron, translates into tangible performance benefits between the two operating systems.
"NAND [flash memory] fundamentally has native 4K block sizes. Anything that's not aligned to a 4K block creates extra challenges," said Justin Sykes, Micron’s Director of Marketing for SSD products, as quoted in the article. "There ends up being background operations to garbage-collect that empty space [in larger file blocks] that isn't fully utilized. And, so that activity is chewing up your bandwidth in the background, and it adds extra wear to the NAND [flash memory]."
SSD performance isn’t just tied to the software running on it. The two prevailing SSD technologies, single-level cell and multi-level cell, each offer different speed benefits. A majority of MLC drives offer poorer performance on their read and write speeds than SLC drives. And even the best of the MLC drives can look impressive on their reads, but still have yet to offer comparable write performance to an SLC drive. But there’s a reason MLC-based SSDs exist: they’re cheaper than SLCs by hundreds of dollars.
There are also interface issues with modern SSDs, but we’re starting to see a gradual phasing out of SSDs that run on SATA bridges to internal PATA interfaces. The problem being that a PATA-based SSD could conceivably fill its interface’s performance pipe. It’s the same reason why eSATA is a better connection choice, speed-wise, than USB: the latter simply can’t handle as much bandwidth as the former.
Where does that leave SSD consumers? Apparently in the hands of Windows Vista as an operating system, provided the performance metrics are correct—unless you really miss the glory days of Windows 2000. But as for the specific type of SSD that provides the fastest performance, that’s more a question for benchmarks to answer. Modern manufacturers aren’t always up to list the exact specifications of the product being purchased. You might not know you’re getting an MLC or SLC product until you test the performance yourself!
http://www.tomshardware.com/news/ssd-hdd-sata,6719.html
¶ 5:04 PM 0 Comments
12/11/2008 at 11:52 AM by Brad Linder
Microsoft says that Windows 7 will be designed to run faster on solid state disks than Windows XP or Vista. But the folks at flash memory maker Patriot Media say there’s already an OS that outperforms them both. And no, it’s not some version of Linux or OS X. It’s Windows 2000.
Apparently Windows 2000 runs 5% to 8% faster on solid state disks than the newer operating systems because there are fewer applications running in the background on the older OS. Apparently Windows 98 is even faster, but it also tends to wear out flash memory more quickly because it has a habit of writing over the same portion of the SSD over and over instead of spreading the data out across the memory module.
Many netbooks, including Asus Eee PC, Dell Inspiron Mini 9, and HP Mini 1000 models ship with solid state disks. But none that I’m aware of come with Windows 2000 as an option. Still, if you’re looking for a bit of a performance boost and happen to have an old install disk, now might be a good time to pull it out of the closet. On the other hand, may newer programs won’t run on Windows 2000 and good luck finding all the security updates you need.
According to Patrio Media’s tests, Windows Vista performs better with SSDs than Windows XP; OS X trumps Vista, and Linux is faster than either but still slower than Windows 2000.
http://liliputing.com/2008/12/whats-the-best-os-for-ssds-windows-2000.html
Which operating system is best for solid-state drives?
Most modern-day operating systems play well with the new storage technology
By Lucas Mearian, December 11, 2008 12:00 PM
Computerworld - Solid-state disk (SSD) drive architecture can play a big role in how fast a computer boots up and performs. But how big a role the SSDs play -- and how much faster an operating system is -- depends as much on the operating system as on the drive. Although none of the mainstream operating systems now in use have been optimized to work better with SSDs, some do natively work more efficiently than others, according to storage experts.
Of the recent operating systems that have been tested, would you believe the winner so far is ... Windows 2000?
That aging operating system, said Saeed Arash Far, engineering manager at SSD manufacturer Patriot Memory, is markedly faster than Windows XP, Vista, Mac OS X or Linux when using NAND flash memory. Far said his company's tests showed that Windows 2000 is 5% to 8% faster over its newer rivals because "Windows 2000 doesn't run any applications in the background.
"We're getting ridiculous numbers with Windows 2000," he said. "When it comes to Vista, it is faster than XP, but with XP, you have the luxury of turning off background applications. ... With Vista, you can't."
According to Far, Mac OS X runs "a little faster than Vista" with an SSD drive, but Linux is "always faster" than Vista or Mac OS X -- to the tune of 1% to 2% -- because like Windows 2000, "it never runs anything in the background."
"If you really want to go inside [the OS numbers], Windows 98 was the fastest of all," Far said. But there's a downside: Windows 98 does not support wear-leveling technology, which evenly distributes data writes to NAND flash memory to ensure no single area of an SSD wears out faster than another. Far said his company's SSDs would wear out in only about a year when running Windows 98.
That brings users who may be wondering about the advantages of SSDs back to the Big Three operating systems: Windows Vista and XP and Mac OS X. The claims and counterclaims about SSD technology and operating systems highlight the intricacies of marrying operating systems designed for hard disk drives with the newer technology of SSDs.
Vista slowing SSD adoption?
In July, SanDisk Corp. CEO Eli Harari said during an earnings call that Microsoft Corp.'s Windows Vista worked so poorly with SSDs and, as a result, was actually slowing the adoption of NAND technology. Harari blamed some "very demanding applications" that, in turn, require more sophisticated SSD controller technology to manage how data is transferred to the drive.
But Harari's claim is one that other disk vendors, including rival Micron Technology Inc., have rebutted.
Using an SSD with a SATA interface, Micron has performed tests on Vista; its predecessor, Windows XP; and Mac OS X, capturing data about the newer drives while booting up the operating systems, installing files, running Office productivity applications and shutting down the computer. Micron found that Vista and Mac OS X performed better with its SSDs than XP, according to a post on Micron's blog site. XP does not align the data in the most efficient way for an SSD -- in 4KB blocks -- while Vista and Mac OS X do, according to Justin Sykes, director of marketing for SSD products at Micron. (Linux, which wasn't tested, also aligns data in 4K blocks.)
"NAND [flash memory] fundamentally has native 4K block sizes. Anything that's not aligned to a 4K block creates extra challenges," Sykes said. "There ends up being background operations to garbage-collect that empty space [in larger file blocks] that isn't fully utilized. And, so that activity is chewing up your bandwidth in the background, and it adds extra wear to the NAND [flash memory]."
According to Dean A. Klein, vice president of memory system development at Micron, Apple's platform seems to perform better with SSDs than Windows systems. "It boots better," he said. "Mac OS does things differently."
When Windows-based PCs boot, the BIOS does "quite a few things" while it's waiting for what would normally be a hard disk drive to spin up, Klein said. "With a MacBook, one thing you'll notice is that it boots up very quick. Our belief is that it's savvy enough to know it has an SSD in it, and it's not waiting for the SSD to spin up, and so takes some shortcuts."
Far agreed that Mac OS X is about 1% faster than Vista. But that's not the case when using virtualization applications such as Parallels and VMware's Fusion in Mac OS X 10.5 to run the rival operating system. When running Vista through virtualization at the same time the Mac OS is running, SSD performance is affected.
4KB blocks of data are more efficient
Micron's tests showed that when XP begins writing application-related data, that data is almost never aligned with the beginning of a new NAND page; it begins partway into the page and ends partially through another. "So the controller has to deal with that and come back and clean it up later," Far said. "Vista will start that write on 0 or at 8, for example. So the data structure in Vista is more aligned to 4K blocks."
In NAND flash memory, blocks consists of a number of pages and each page is either 512, 2,048 or 4,096 bytes in size. Therefore, a 4KB block more efficiently fills the memory.
Troy Winslow, marketing manager for the NAND Products Group at Intel Corp., said, "We've even done studies showing 80% of all OS requests are in the 4K-to-16K range, yet many SSDs were designed on older controller technology that was requesting large file-size transactions of 128K in size. All SSDs perform best at the smaller file size."
Winslow said benchmark testing on XP and Vista indicated that the less-efficient XP machines show a 10% improvement in random input/output operations per second using an SSD instead of a hard drive, while Vista showed a 25% improvement under the same conditions.
Pat Wilkison, vice president of marketing and business development at NAND flash memory manufacturer STEC Inc., believes there's no detectable difference in SSDs performance among varying operating systems. "There just has not been any meaningful work done in optimizing for SSD," he said.
Debating defragging
However, one difference between Vista and XP is that Vista, by default, enables background drive defragmentation -- something that isn't necessary with an SSD and can actually wear out the drive more rapidly. While most laptop and PC resellers disable background defragmentation on Vista systems that ship with an SSD, anyone installing or upgrading to Vista may not know they should do that to preserve SSD life, Klein said.
To turn off Vista's auto defragmentation feature, a user would go to the Start menu, then the Control Panel and then choose Control Panel Home. Next select "System and Maintenance" and under the Administrative Tools section, choose "Defragment your hard drive." Vista then allows a user to check or uncheck the Run automatically function.
According to Howard Butler, vice president of technical support at Diskeeper Corp., hard disk drives and SSDs both benefit from defragmentation utilities in operating at peak efficiency. Data may be laid down in contiguous clusters on an SSD, just as with hard disk drives; as it's deleted, space is freed up. But those pockets of free space may be left unused. Defragmentation helps by consolidating data and free space, Butler said.
Joseph Unsworth, an analyst at Gartner Inc., said Vista's SuperFetch feature gives Vista a boost over XP with regard to SSDs because it can preload often-used applications into system memory so they're ready when needed. Vista introduced the concept of low-priority I/O, which enables background processes to run with lower-priority access to the hard drive than other programs.
Unsworth installed Intel's X25 SSD on a PC running Vista and said he was impressed with the boot-up times over the hard disk drive he replaced. While there are now more than 90 SSD vendors, Unsworth said he prefers drives from Intel, Samsung and STEC, which he said offer advanced architectures with multiple channels to NAND flash chips set up in a parallel. For example, Intel has 10 channels on its X25-M SSD. In multichannel NAND architecuters, each parallel channel represents multiple streams of data to multiple NAND chips, yielding greater sustained throughput -- and speed.
When will operating systems be optimized?
Even if operating systems aren't yet optimized for SSDs, they likely will be as the technology gains ground. Last month, at its Windows Hardware Engineering Conference (WinHEC) in Los Angeles, Microsoft promised that its upcoming Windows 7 would work better with SSDs.
Unlike Vista, Windows 7 will turn off disk defragmentation when it detects an SSD instead of a spinning disk drive. Windows 7 will also delete "garbage" data in advance. That would head off garbage collection, which can add latency -- a major factor in the slower write speeds often seen in SSDs.
Microsoft also plans a certification program for SSDs so that the drives properly identify themselves to Windows 7 and prioritize data I/O for the SATA interface.
Regardless of what Microsoft does, Unsworth said he believes that Apple will have the advantage because its OS is closed, meaning Apple can drive its own development initiatives and will likely do so when it comes to SSD optimization.
Apple also plans to launch Mac OS X 10.6, a.k.a. "Snow Leopard," which is expected to trim overhead and optimize it for faster I/O.
"I have to believe they will, and I've told them and recommended to them, wouldn't it be awfully compelling to get boot up with an SSD in under 10 seconds?" Unsworth said. "How easy would that be to convey as a selling point to the consumer?"
Read more about Data Storage in Computerworld's Data Storage Topic Center.
http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9123140/Which_operating_system_is_best_for_solid_state_drives_?pageNumber=1
Boosting SSD Performance With The Right OS
By Bestofmedia Team, David MurphyDECEMBER 19, 2008 9:20 AM
There’s no question that solid-state drives are the talk of the storage town. We’ve seen them enter into the laptop marketplace with a growing vengeance. And even the prices of the bare, plopped-into-your-drive-bays products are reaching tolerable levels. Excellent speeds at optimal pricing – what’s not to like about SSDs?
We should have put an asterisk next to the word “speeds,” because not all SSDs are the same. Nor do they interact in the same way regardless of what operating system you use. According to a recent Computerworld article, a Patriot Memory research project found that SSD performance was best in—you’ll never believe it—Windows 2000. Following that, Windows Vista came in second place at five to eight percent slower and Windows XP trailed a distant third.
So why is this the case? There are few reasons for the dramatic differences. Saeed Arash Far, an engineering manager at Patriot Memory, suggests that the removal of background applications in Windows 2000 catapults it into the performance lead. But in that case, one would expect to see a difference regardless of what hard drive is used in the testing – a lack of running tasks is an operating system issue, not an SSD benefit.
According to SSD manufacturer Micron, comprehensive performance testing between the Vista and XP operating systems revealed that XP doesn’t block the data for maximum SSD performance. Whereas XP will partially fill 4KB NAND pages seemingly at a whim, Vista attempts to reduce partially filled pages in a block as much as possible. This reduces storage inefficiencies and, according to Micron, translates into tangible performance benefits between the two operating systems.
"NAND [flash memory] fundamentally has native 4K block sizes. Anything that's not aligned to a 4K block creates extra challenges," said Justin Sykes, Micron’s Director of Marketing for SSD products, as quoted in the article. "There ends up being background operations to garbage-collect that empty space [in larger file blocks] that isn't fully utilized. And, so that activity is chewing up your bandwidth in the background, and it adds extra wear to the NAND [flash memory]."
SSD performance isn’t just tied to the software running on it. The two prevailing SSD technologies, single-level cell and multi-level cell, each offer different speed benefits. A majority of MLC drives offer poorer performance on their read and write speeds than SLC drives. And even the best of the MLC drives can look impressive on their reads, but still have yet to offer comparable write performance to an SLC drive. But there’s a reason MLC-based SSDs exist: they’re cheaper than SLCs by hundreds of dollars.
There are also interface issues with modern SSDs, but we’re starting to see a gradual phasing out of SSDs that run on SATA bridges to internal PATA interfaces. The problem being that a PATA-based SSD could conceivably fill its interface’s performance pipe. It’s the same reason why eSATA is a better connection choice, speed-wise, than USB: the latter simply can’t handle as much bandwidth as the former.
Where does that leave SSD consumers? Apparently in the hands of Windows Vista as an operating system, provided the performance metrics are correct—unless you really miss the glory days of Windows 2000. But as for the specific type of SSD that provides the fastest performance, that’s more a question for benchmarks to answer. Modern manufacturers aren’t always up to list the exact specifications of the product being purchased. You might not know you’re getting an MLC or SLC product until you test the performance yourself!
http://www.tomshardware.com/news/ssd-hdd-sata,6719.html
¶ 5:04 PM 0 Comments
06 September 2013
Jadwal Perekrutan CPNS KEJAKSAAN RI Tahun Anggaran 2013
Dalam rangka mengisi formasi pegawai tahun 2013, Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia membuka kesempatan bagi Pemuda dan Pemudi warga negara Indonesia yang memenuhi syarat untuk menjadi Calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku. untuk mengetahui syarat dan ketentuan yang berlaku lihat pengumuman di www.kejaksaan.go.id.
- Pendaftaran online tanggal 8 September 2013 sampai dengan 22 September 2013 Sistem akan membuka dan menutup Pendaftaran secara online pada pukul 00.00 Waktu Sistem
- Verifikasi data pelamar tanggal 23 sampai 26 September 2013
- Pelaksanaan Ujian Tahap I tanggal 3 November 2013
- Pengumuman Hasil Ujian Tahap I (ditentukan kemudian oleh Kementerian PAN & RB
- Pelaksanaan Ujian Tahap II (ditentukan kemudian)
- Pengumuman Hasil Ujian Tahap II (ditentukan kemudian)
- Penerbitan Surat Keputusan sebagai CPNS Kejaksaan RI (ditentukan kemudian)
terimakasih telah berkunjung ke http://madupahit.blogspot.com/
¶ 11:49 AM 1 Comments
